Tuesday, 13 October 2015

Physic

History

Main article: History of physics

Ancient astronomy

Main article: History of astronomy

Ancient Egyptian astronomy is evident in monuments like the ceiling of Senemut's tomb from the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences. The earliest civilizations dating back to beyond 3000 BCE, such as the Sumeriansancient Egyptians, and the Indus Valley Civilization, all had a predictive knowledge and a basic understanding of the motions of the SunMoon, and stars. The stars and planets were often a target of worship, believed to represent their gods. While the explanations for these phenomena were often unscientific and lacking in evidence, these early observations laid the foundation for later astronomy.[9]
According to Asger Aaboe, the origins of Western astronomy can be found in Mesopotamia, and all Western efforts in the exact sciencesare descended from late Babylonian astronomy.[10] Egyptian astronomers left monuments showing knowledge of the constellations and the motions of the celestial bodies,[11] while Greek poet Homer wrote of various celestial objects in his Iliad and Odyssey; later Greek astronomers provided names, which are still used today, for most constellations visible from the northern hemisphere.[12]

Natural philosophy

Main article: Natural philosophy
Natural philosophy has its origins in Greece during the Archaic period, (650 BCE – 480 BCE), when Pre-Socratic philosophers like Thales rejected non-naturalistic explanations for natural phenomena and proclaimed that every event had a natural cause.[13] They proposed ideas verified by reason and observation, and many of their hypotheses proved successful in experiment;[14] for example, atomism was found to be correct approximately 2000 years after it was first proposed by Leucippus and his pupil Democritus.[15]

Classical physics

Main article: Classical physics

Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727), whose laws of motionand universal gravitation were major milestones in classical physics
Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics.[16]
Major developments in this period include the replacement of the geocentric model of the solar system with the helio-centric Copernican model, the laws governing the motion of planetary bodies determined by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, pioneering work on telescopes andobservational astronomy by Galileo Galilei in the 16th and 17th Centuries, and Isaac Newton's discovery and unification of the laws of motion anduniversal gravitation that would come to bear his name.[17] Newton also developed calculus,[c] the mathematical study of change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problems.[18]
The discovery of new laws in thermodynamicschemistry, and electromagnetics resulted from greater research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy needs increased.[19] The laws comprising classical physics remain very widely used for objects on everyday scales travelling at non-relativistic speeds, since they provide a very close approximation in such situations, and theories such as quantum mechanics and thetheory of relativity simplify to their classical equivalents at such scales. However, inaccuracies in classical mechanics for very small objects and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century.

Modern physics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Classical physics is usually concerned with everyday conditions: speeds much lower than the speed of light, and sizes much greater than that of atoms. Modern physics is usually concerned with high velocities and small distances.
Modern physics is an effort to understand the underlying processes of the interactions of matter utilizing the tools of science & engineering. It implies that nineteenth century descriptions of phenomena are not sufficient to describe nature as observed with modern instruments. It is generally assumed that a consistent description of these observations will incorporate elements ofquantum mechanics & relativity.
Small velocities and large distances is usually the realm of classical physics. Modern physics often involves extreme conditions; in practice, quantum effects typically involve distances comparable toatoms (roughly 10−9 m), while relativistic effects typically involve velocities comparable to thespeed of light (roughly 108 m/s).[dubious ]

Overview[edit]

In a literal sense, the term modern physics, means up-to-date physics. In this sense, a significant portion of so-called classical physics is modern. However, since roughly 1890, new discoveries have caused significant paradigm shifts: the advent of quantum mechanics (QM), and of Einsteinian relativity (ER). Physics that incorporates elements of either QM or ER (or both) is said to bemodern physics. It is in this latter sense that the term is generally used.
Modern physics is often encountered when dealing with extreme conditions. Quantum mechanical effects tend to appear when dealing with "lows" (low temperatures, small distances), while relativistic effects tend to appear when dealing with "highs" (high velocities, large distances), the "middles" being classical behaviour. For example, when analysing the behaviour of a gas at room temperature, most phenomena will involve the (classical) Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. However near absolute zero, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution fails to account for the observed behaviour of the gas, and the (modern) Fermi–Dirac or Bose–Einsteindistributions have to be used instead.
Very often, it is possible to find – or "retrieve" – the classical behaviour from the modern description by analysing the modern description at low speeds and large distances (by taking a limit, or by making an approximation). When doing so, the result is called the classical limit.

Classical physics (Rayleigh–Jeans law, black line) failed to explain black body radiation – the so-called ultraviolet catastrophe. The quantum description (Planck's law, colored lines) is said to bemodern physics.